Compiled by Demola Adefajo
The Nation
NYCN seeks criminalisation of ransom payments to end kidnappings in Nigeria
Niger orders schools in security-affected areas to remain closed
NAF sustains airstrikes, cripples terrorists in Northeast, Northwest
Resident doctors set to resume indefinite strike January 12
Obi’s ADC defection unlikely to shift 2027 politics — Don
974 Nigerians awaits deportation from Canada
Wike to Ateke Tom: Stay out of Rivers politics
No investment in education is a gamble — Shettima
‘Yusuf’s defection to APC shifted to involve federal lawmakers’
House of Reps releases CTC of four Tax Laws to public
U.S. charges Venezuelan president, wife with drug trafficking after invasion
2026: Year of realignments, defining political battles
I will never give up on Nigeria, says Olawepo-Hashim declares
Oyetola, Basiru, APC leaders, group plot winning strategy for 2026 Osun guber seat
2027: Support group DG mobilises 5m youths for Tinubu
Ona Ara constituents demand fair representation in Oyo
Activist lifts less-privileged, awards scholarships
‘Real change requires patience, discipline, and ideological clarity’
Constituents kick as Akpatason seeks fifth term in NASS
Police confirms abduction of doctor in Edo
Oborevwori celebrates Ogbetuo at 96, hails elder statesman as moral compass of Delta politics
Forum hails Akpabio’s maturity, seeks peaceful reunion with Natasha
NDYC Calls for protection of opposition voices, others
Okowa, Otuaro meet, pray for Delta’s peace, unity and sustained devt
Campaign against drug abuse takes off in Calabar
Eno pays new year homage to Akpabio, as both leaders pledge support for Tinubu
Stakeholders endorse A’Ibom South Senator for second term
Reps release CTC of Tax laws to public, describe NASS as institution of records
Governor Yusuf’s planned defection to APC shifted to January 12
Adeleke orders enforcement of Osun LG financial law compliance as NULGE resumes Jan 5
Ondo attack: Terrorists targeted monarch – Eyewitnesses recount New Year raid
Mother, son arrested over alleged child ritual plot in Ondo
Troops recover large cache of ammunition in Maiduguri
Osun 2026: Oyetola, Basiru, APC leaders strategise for governorship polls
Resident doctors vow to resume indefinite strike January 12
EPL: Wolves get first win of season after beating West Ham
National Assembly backs Tinubu on local government financial autonomy — Karimi
Showbiz stars to watch in 2026
I’m the ‘president general of single mothers’ – Iyabo Ojo
Di’Ja expresses joy after welcoming fourth child
Burna Boy never assisted me with N600,000 – Skales
Adekunle Gold becomes first artiste to sell out Wole Soyinka centre
How I coined ‘Detty December’ in 2016 – Mr Eazi
Charles Inojie: Shaffy Bello’s praise is my best New Year gift so far
Stop dropping NSA’s name, group tells Adamawa APC governorship aspirants
Obi, Atiku, and the coalition gambit
How Sokoto’s 2026 budgets reflect governance choices
Osun 2026: Bola Oyebamiji in the spotlight
APC presents membership card to Senator Katung in Southern Kaduna
Former PDP House candidate Gujungu defects to APC in Jigawa
Joshua returns to UK for friends’ funeral after fatal car crash
AFCON: Senegal dominates Sudan with convincing 3–1 win
Nigeria are favourites, Mozambique coach admits
We want to win every game, says Simon Moses
Liverpool agree deal to sign Ndukwe
Economy: Is this Nigeria’s boom year?
Finsbury Heinz awarded AfriSAFE safety honour after 12,000-entry review
‘How Nigerians can get good bargain, best deals’
CBN’s outlook for 2026: Economy will profit from financial sector reforms
EDITORIAL: Extremely exorbitant
A shopping trolley for a new year
Mental revolution as panacea
Feedback
Thank God for Donald Trump
ThisDay
When Orji Uzoh Kalu Brightened The Christmas Of His Constituents
Zaynab George Akume: An Unexpected Union
Trump: We Will Run Venezuela Until We Can Do Safe, Proper, Judicious Transition
RECKLESS DRIVING AND ROAD TRAFFIC CRASHES
Kwankwaso: I’ll Only Join Any Party If I’m Offered Presidential Or VP Ticket
Yilwatda Clarifies APC’s Position On Rivers, Confirms Fubara As The Party’s Leader
Police Avert Deadly Attack On ARISE NEWS Crew, Others In Rivers State
Banks’ Recapitalisation Raises GTCO, Zenith, UBA, 10 Others’ Market Cap To N16.14tn In 2025
Asaba To Honour Distinguished Sons, Daughters With Chieftaincy Title
Anthony Joshua Escaped Death After Swapping Seats, Says Report, Friends’ Funeral Holds Today In London
Again, Gunmen Invade Plateau Village, Kill Seven, Injure Others
House Releases Tax Reforms Acts For Scrutiny To Address Discrepancy Controversy
Reforms Meet Politics In A High-Stakes Economic Year
Elumelu, Seplat, And The Price Of Owning The Oil
How Will Cardoso And CBN Fare In 2026?
How 2025 Taught Us To Turn Debt Into Wealth
Rite Foods Reiterates Focus On Social Impact
JMG Reaffirms Growth Strategy, Energy Efficiency Goal
SBI Media, TECNO Commit To Youth Empowerment Projects In Lagos
Benefits Of New Tax Laws For Nigerians
Powering Africapitalism
POWER STRUGGLE AND KANO’S GAME OF THRONES
OUTLOOK FOR 2026
BETWEEN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT REVENUE AND THE FEDERATION ACCOUNT
Leadership Legacy In Theodore Orji’s Lineage
Wike Vs Makinde: Who Blinks First?
Growing Influence Of Mudashiru Obasa
Understanding Fubara’s Opossum Strategy
Five Exciting Events To Expect In 2026
Ukraine–Russia War: A Divided World And Africa’s Call For Peace
Zaynab George Akume: An Unexpected Union
HAPPY BIRTHDAY, AMINU TAMBUWAL
Kudos As Erudite Scholar, Bolaji Akinyemi, Turns 84
Jumoke Akindele’s Declaration For Ondo South And Her Chances
Tayo Amusan: Quiet Influence, Global Business Impact
Allen Onyema’s 2026 Playbook For An African Hub
John Obayuwana And The Rise Of Polo Limited As Nigeria’s Luxury Powerhouse
Cracks Widen Between Abubakar Suleiman And Bukola Saraki
10-Man Mali Edge Tunisia In Shootouts To Reach Q’finals
Chelle Locks Out Content Creators From Eagles Training In Morocco
Ola Aina Returns To Action As Forest Slump At Villa Park
Anthony Joshua Returns To The UK After Fatal Crash In Nigeria
Super Eagles: Vista Bright For Fourth AFCON Glory
Dessers Returns To Club As Alebiosu, Nnadi Sit Out Training
Reflecting On The Anthony Joshua Crash
2027: Opposition Still Has It All To Do
Contemporary Governance In Africa: Thinking African But Acting With International Mentality
Trump Releases Photo Of Maduro In Handcuffs, Says US Will Run Venezuela And Tap Oil Reserves
Trump Announces Capture Of Venezuela’s Maduro
EDITORIAL: RECKLESS DRIVING AND ROAD TRAFFIC CRASHES
The Punch
Kogi vows crackdown on criminals, promises rescue of kidnapped victims
Venezuela’s Supreme Court names VP Delcy Rodríguez interim president
Natasha: Yahaya Bello’s senatorial ambition not a threat
Private depots hike petrol to N800/litre in Lagos
US lifts Caribbean airspace restrictions after Venezuela strike
Survivor unveils website on mental health
Banks shut 229 branches
Private depots hike petrol to N800/litre in Lagos
Ex-major sues Army over alleged forced service after resignation
Natasha: Yahaya Bello’s senatorial ambition not a threat
2027: APC leaders back Fubara, Wike draws battle line
Sex scandal: Popular pastor steps down as PFN mulls sanctions
US visa: Four African countries ban American citizens
Ex-VP Harris rejects Trump’s Venezuela intervention
Artist urges cultural preservation
ADC membership swells after Obi’s defection
Ogun assembly pledges support for maternal health
2027: APC leaders back Fubara, Wike draws battle line
New tax will push up cost of healthcare – Doctors
NNPC debt forgiveness: Tinubu deserves to be impeached, says ADC
Kwankwaso not defecting to any party – Loyalists
Aviation institute graduates 650 students
No sign of life in Lakurawa camps after US strikes — Sokoto residents
Plateau LG boss mourns as gunmen kill seven
Nigeria, others owe $8.9tn historic debt – World Bank
Nigerians spent N130bn on Schengen visa applications – Report
Wema Bank, Guinness gain as NGX rejigs indices
IEI shareholders approve N17.5bn recapitalisation plan
Investor confidence lifts construction output to N13.83tn
Police begin manhunt for abducted Edo brothers
Flood: Kaduna community seeks relocation
Lagos church feeds 5,000 residents
‘N264bn cash withdrawn from banks in November 2025’
Resident doctors to resume strike as MoU with FG crumbles
UN condemns US attack on Venezuela, calls it ‘dangerous precedent’
AU condemns US military invasion of Venezuela
Reps release Tax reforms Acts for scrutiny to address discrepancy controversy
Tunde Onakoya urges inclusive chess for children with disabilities
VIDEO: Trump threatens Colombian president after invading Venezuela
Key Trump quotes about US operation in Venezuela
UK not involved in attack on Venezuela, says PM Starmer
Attack on Venezuela: US crossed ‘unacceptable line’, says Brazil
Kebbi stops traditional title awards without approval
Makinde approves new monarch for Oyo community
Subsidy removal saving Nigeria over N10tn annually – Ogun senator
Two killed in Benue cult clash
US to ‘run’ Venezuela after toppling Maduro in military attack – Trump
Joshua flies back to UK after fatal crash
Adeleke commends Osun NULGE, police as LG workers’ resume Monday
Rivers Ijaw Congress announces support for Wike
Iraq nabs 17 over New Year’s Eve assault on woman
Shehu Sani, Sowore condemn US capture of Venezuela’s Maduro
Ekiti schools to resume Monday – Commissioner
Flooding: Kaduna community calls for river dredging, permanent relocation
Dangerous precedent, UN chief alarmed by US strikes on Venezuela
Customs, NDLEA Seize 30.1kg Cocaine in Lagos port
Army busts criminal gang in Delta, recovers arms, ammunition
Army rescues 31 kidnap victims, arrests 17 suspects
Jimoh Ibrahim hails military as Nigeria ranks 31st globally
Military unmasks ringleader of North-East suicide bombing network
Iran, Russia, others condemn US attack on Venezuela
Again, gunmen invade Plateau village, kill seven
Venezuela, Russia demands US provide ‘proof of life’ of Maduro
Youths protest at Obaseki family home over disrespect to Benin palace
Use pulpit to preach peace, not division, CAN warns clerics
London black taxis gain as UK ends VAT loophole
Nigeria’s medical tourism spending drops by 96.2%
Army raids kidnappers’ hideout in Kaduna, kills one
Police arrest three as probe begins onto burning of traditional worshipper’s Kwara house
Customs, NDLEA Seize 30.1kg Cocaine in Lagos port
Police warn motorists against speeding in Adamawa
Nigeria, others owe $8.9tn historic debt – World Bank
Wema Bank, Guinness gain as NGX rejigs indices
Emotions won’t solve Nnamdi Kanu’s life sentence – Ohanaeze Deputy President General
From reign to ruin: How Africa’s largest party, PDP, fell apart
A’Ibom gov unveils APC committee for 2027 elections
Rivers PDP suspends caretaker chairman for aligning with Wike
Obi benefited from religious, tribal sentiments in 2023 — Kogi Rep
Nigeria squad value dips as AFCON expectations grow
Onyemaechi opens up on Peseiro snub
Ogbu unhappy with Eagles clean sheet record
Lumiegee marks 10 years of musical innovation
Abanny debuts with ‘Positive Minded’
Artistes now churn out fast-food content— Baba Dee
Funke Akindele’s absence at Tobi Makinde’s wedding raises eyebrows
Unlikely collaborations we’ll love to see in 2026
Editorial: GNI blaze: A usual season of fire incidents
Healthy living tips for the New Year
The case against Abubakar Malami
Vaccines, breastmilk and childhood survival
Shettima’s marriage counselling gig, Tinubu’s Jet2 holiday
Emergence of HIFU treatment for prostate cancer, tumours, a game-changer – Specialist
Police should produce my brother alive or charge him – Sister of missing BSU graduate
It’s shameful Nigerians die because they can’t access pensions – NUP president, Abumisi
I am the only one left — Sibling of man killed by Dangote truck
Unjust dismissal from police ruined my father’s life till he died – Ex-sergeant’s son
No investment in education is a gamble – Shettima
No one is too poor to give, Soludo urges alumni
Leadership
African Democratic Congress Begins Review Of Party’s Constitution
I Now Know What The Blind Go Through After I Lost My Sight – Abiodun
Unhealthy Governance Fuels Nigeria’s Security Crisis – Political Science Association President
Fresh Lithium Offtake Partnership Deal Targets 200,000 Tons Annual Purchase
Insurance Commission Grants 2 Months Waiver For Underwriters On Reinsurance Treaties Approval
Finance Ministry Taking Over Central Bank’s Development Finance Functions
Technical Complexities, Funding, Slows Key Nigeria Gas Infrastructure Projects, Says African Energy Chamber
Savannah Energy Ends Buyback Deal As NIPCO Buys 25% Stake
Nigeria Scheduled To Drive Conversation At Cape Town Africa’s Energy Indaba 2026
Guinness Nigeria Joins NGX 30 As Exchange Review Market Indices
Endometriosis: When Suffering Finds Purpose And Silence Becomes Resistance
5 Smart Moves To Wrap Up Your Year In Financial Style
Investing In Caregivers’ Lodgings Near Public Hospitals
Your Fate In 2026
Better Days Ahead For Nigeria – Bishop
Ijaw People’s Congress Pledge Loyalty To Wike
Catholic Priest Slumps, Dies During Mass In Delta
Akwa Ibom Backs Tinubu’s Renewed Hope Agenda – Gov Eno
Board Empowers Akwa Ibom Youths With Skills Training
Alli Hosts APC Leaders, Reaffirms Support For Tinubu’s Renewed Hope
Yoruba Congress Seeks Arrest Of Terrorists’ Financial Negotiators
Firm Partners Lagos Govt, Others To Celebrate 71 New-year Births
Ekiti Schools Resume Tomorrow
Gombe Gives Land Owners Ultimatum For Recertification
Makinde Returns 80,000 Out-of-school Children To Classrooms
ATBU Disowns Fake Resumption, Hostel Fee Circular
Kano Advisers Pledge Loyalty To Governor Yusuf, Urge Political Restraint
Kebbi Govt Assures Residents Of Water Supply
Ooni Of Ife Visits Borno Governor
Kwara To Empower 40 Widows, Relations Of Fallen Heroes
Gunmen Kill 8, Abduct 2 In Plateau
Nigerians Facing Worsening Hardship, Shrinking Civic Space, Rights Group Warns
Defection: Governor Mutfwang Never Betrayed Public Trust — APC
Al-Hikmah Varsity Secures NUC Approval For Distance, E-Learning
Group Backs Bauchi Governor Against EFCC
Protests In Kabba Bunu Over Worsening Insecurity In Kogi West
Education Nigeria’s Safest Investment, Says Shettima
Resident Doctors To Resume Strike Jan. 12, Plan Protests
Why I Will Never Give Up On Nigeria — Olawepo-Hashim
Army Busts Criminal Gang In Delta, Recovers Rifles
Panel Submits Operations Plan On Ogoni Hospital
Military Demands Retrieval Of Ordnance From US Airstrikes
That Same Dog Barks, Made You Governor, Wike Replies Fubara
Agency Disburses N485m To Adolescent Girls In Bauchi
Air Force Strikes Terrorists’ Hideouts In Borno, Katsina
We Deployed 150 Aircraft To Capture Venezuelan President, Wife – US
Tax Laws Discrepancy: Reps Finally Release Acts For Public Scrutiny
Nigeria Saves N10trn Annually From Oil Subsidy Removal – Senator Adeola
Joshua Returns To UK After Car Crash
US Air Strikes In Nigeria
Ex-Gov Orji Backs Kalu On Performance
Council Wants Stop To Ransom Payment For Kidnapping
NULGE Lauds Police As Osun LG Workers Resume
How We Will Escape Implosion Ahead Of 2027 — All Progressives Congress
Northern States Reopen Schools After Attacks
Yahaya Bello Backs Tinubu’s Reforms As Kogi APC Begins E-Registration
NDYC Calls For Protection Of Opposition Voices, Urges Respect For Democratic Norms
Governor Adeleke Praises Resumption Of Duties By NULGE, Hails Police For Law, Order
US Working With Venezuelan Vice President — Trump
Abubakar Salihu Recognised For STEM, Youth Empowerment Initiatives
Ooni Of Ife Ogunwusi Installed As Borno Varsity Chancellor
Maduro Rejected ‘Very Generous Exit Offers’, Chose Confrontation — Rubio
AFCON 2025: Senegal Beat Sudan To Secure Quarterfinal Spot
Trump Says US Will ‘Run Venezuela’ Until Safe Power Transfer
EPL: Aston Villa Bounce Back With Dominant Win Over Forest
The Sun
United States to run Venezuela – President Trump
Abia North: We must live together in love, peace – Senator Orji Kalu charges communities
Rivers: Ijaw Congress dumps Fubara, pledges loyalty to Wike
PDP: Defecting governors, others should be treated as criminals
Why I visited Otti in Umuahia – Uzodimma
Uba lied, Ortom never abandoned him – Benue PDP
Political gladiators to watch in 2026
Constituency Projects putting pressure on legislators – Sen Osita Ngwu
Kano: Alleged defection plans tear Kwankwaso, Gov Yusuf apart
Nigeria: Events that will shape the polity in 2026
With policy reforms, regulation, CBN tackles end-year cash scarcity
Customs, NDLEA seize 30.1kg of cocaine on vessel at Apapa Port
New tax law exposed
FG charts path to $1trn GDP through strategic reforms
Beauty habits for 2026
AFWN: Creatives storm fashion week
My eyes are set on Hollywood – Scarlet Gomez
Jael Kallamu crowned Nigeria Carnival Queen 2025
Yuletide: Testimony Jaga spreads love to vulnerable families
Working with Wizkid, Asake, Rema my turning point — Hope Egbe
African Table Tennis Players in Diaspora Tournament: Sponsors, organisers get huge praises as Kuti retains title
AFCON 2025: Mozambique ready for Nigeria – Coach Conde
ANFASSC mobilises nationwide support for Super Eagles
AFCON: Oliseh issues warning to Super Eagles ahead of Mozambique clash
Editorial: The constraints of manufacturing sector
2026: Enugu’s Year of Accelerated Consolidation, Renewed Momentum
2026: Make healthy decisions
Where is our country headed?
Reasons for the LIE
Why we hiked fares during Christmas, New Year festivities – Transporters
South-East: Insecurity takes a break during Christmas, New Year festivities
With policy reforms, regulation, CBN tackles end-year cash scarcity
Ibadan to Jalingo: A treacherous journey to nowhere
Tribune
Why Kano governor postponed formal defection to APC
Despite Commencement of New Tax Regime: States dally, yet to pass joint tax laws
Terror war: Muslim leaders, others warn Israeli PM, Netanyahu, to steer clear of Nigeria
‘It’s all about oil,’ Kamala Harris reacts to US capture of Venezuelan President
How world leaders reacted to US strikes, ‘capture’ of Venezuelan President
FG confirms mass vaccination against measles, yellow fever
Anthony Joshua returns to UK in private jet, may attend his friends’ burial today
Damilola Oni upbeat about 2026 as fans rally behind her
Why Kano governor postponed formal defection to APC
Tonto Dikeh to fans: Stop begging, start giving
10 African countries with the strongest aircraft fleet in 2025
How world leaders reacted to US strikes, ‘capture’ of Venezuelan President
Insecurity: NAF strikes terrorist hideouts across North-east, North-west
Three dead, four hospitalised, 30 still in kidnappers’ den — Kogi community
Kwara: Three suspects arrested for alleged arson on traditional worshipper’s house
Top 10: Burna Boy sets spotify record with nearly two billion streams in 2025
Pernod Ricard Nigeria’s Jameson Irish Whiskey ignites the yuletide spirit in Lagos
Seyitan Atigarin to host Africa Magic’s new dating reality series ‘Heartbeat’
Welcome to 2026, year of extreme political intrigues!
Media, civil society must hold lawmakers accountable —Rotimi, Reps’ spokesperson
Nigerians may be going through hardship, but they are free —Plang
Africa’s 100 most notable business, investment round table holds in New York
Year 2025 in retrospect…
Lateef Fagbemi, Malami and the curse of history
Works, Power as Tinubu’s poor PR agents in 2025
Jan 1 resolutions: Why I write what I write
Daily Trust
Kwankwaso To Gov Yusuf: Drop Gov’ship For Us And Go
Troops Arrest Alleged Mastermind Of Maiduguri Mosque Bombing
Reps Release Tax Acts Amid Gazette Discrepancy Claims
AFCON: Mali Defeat Tunisia On Penalties To Reach Quarter Finals
I’ll Be Buried Politically If Fubara Wins Second Term – Wike
Three Arrested For Allegedly Burning Traditionalist’s House In Kwara
PDP Suspends Rivers Chairman For Supporting Wike
PDP Suspends Rivers Chairman For Supporting Wike
Kwankwaso To Gov Yusuf: Drop Gov’ship For Us And Go
How N758bn Bond, Recapitalisation, Others Shaped Pension Sector In 2025
FG Clears N100bn 2018 SUKUK Bond
NIPCO Rewards Customers With N16m In Abuja Lucky Draw
Business Owners Decry Double Taxation In Abuja
Firms Sign MOU To Market FG’s 100,000-Unit Housing Estates
AFCON: Senegal Survive Sudan Scare, Advance Into Quarter-Final
Nigeria’s Major Sporting Competitions In 2026
Super Eagles, Be Wary Of Mambas Of Mozambique
US Charges Venezuelan President, Wife With Drug Trafficking
Maduro ‘Captured’ As US Launches Airstrikes In Venezuela
2025 Our Worst Year In Decade – Farmers
Nigeria Produces 624,103 Tonnes Of NPK Fertiliser
Kano To Vaccinate 5.5m Livestock
Taraba Establishes Livestock Development Commission
FG Tackles Tsetse Fly In Taraba, Sokoto
Vanguard
We’ll Run Venezuela: Trump captures President Maduro as US strikes Latin American country
Tax Reform Take-Off: Digital bottlenecks as early hitches emerge
2026 calculations harden
Catholic priest slumps, dies while delivering homily
Tiwa Savage: A real woman longing for love and family
Nollywood’s biggest box office movies of 2025: Why Funke Akindele remains the queen
Tax Reform Take-Off: Digital bottlenecks as early hitches emerge
Detty December: Public commendation reflects gains from proactive traffic planning — LASTMA GM
Tax Education Series: Credit alerts, income and your taxes
Reps release four Tax Acts for public records, scrutiny
Blind girl I adopted 14 years ago is now a law graduate – Oshiomhole
Presidency or Nothing: Obidient Movement rules out VP role for Obi
GOV AS 001: Fubara throws Wike’s camp into panic
KANO: Uneasy calm in Kwankwaso’s camp amid Yusuf’s purported plans to defect to APC
Rivers’ Crisis gets Messier as Wike Blasts Fubara: ‘That same dog barked and made you governor’
2027: A’Ibom governor sets up APC committee
New face of Alaafin, Ooni rivalry: Okanlomo of Yorubaland (Seyi Tinubu) VS Okanlomo Oodua (Dotun Sanusi)
Troops name Shariff Umar as coordinator of suicide bombing network in North East
AVIATION: High, low moments in 2025
President Tinubu’s legal practitioners bill seeks capture and reprisal
Agbonayinma family marks second anniversary of singer son’s passing, Zuwa
Chief Adegbesan celebrates 60th birthday, launches book in grand style
My red flag is a man who talks too much — Bolade Adeshina
Fidelity Bank names Onwughalu as new Chairman to lead board
UK sees record-high electricity from renewables in 2025 – Report
Tesla sales fall as China’s BYD overtakes it
NCDMB launches 2025/26 innovation challenge for oil, energy solutions
Bournemouth win a sign of Arsenal ‘growth’, says Arteta
Declan Rice brace delivers six-point Premier League lead for Arsenal
Senegal beat Sudan 3-1 to reach AFCON quarter final
Anthony Joshua returns to UK after fatal crash in Nigeria
EPL: Aston Villa beat Nottingham Forest 3-1 as Aina returns
DNA revisited: ‘My husband made my sister pregnant!’
Education sector’s mixed fortunes in 2025
FG hails Zulum’s educational reform initiatives
